Common Oracle Commands

1.       Managing logs

forcing log switches	sql> alter system switch logfile;
forcing checkpoints	sql> alter system checkpoint;
adding online redo log groups	sql> alter database add logfile [group 4] ('/disk3/log4a.rdo','/disk4/log4b.rdo') size 1m;
adding online redo log members	sql> alter database add logfile member      '/disk3/log1b.rdo' to group 1,      '/disk4/log2b.rdo' to group 2;
changes the name of the online redo logfile	sql> alter database rename file 'c:/oracle/oradata/oradb/redo01.log' to 'c:/oracle/oradata/redo01.log';
drop online redo log groups	sql> alter database drop logfile group 3;
drop online redo log members	sql> alter database drop logfile member 'c:/oracle/oradata/redo01.log';
clearing online redo log files	sql> alter database clear [unarchived] logfile 'c:/oracle/log2a.rdo';
using logminer analyzing redo logfiles	in the init.ora specify utl_file_dir = ' ' sql> execute dbms_logmnr_d.build('oradb.ora','c:\oracle\oradb\log'); sql> execute dbms_logmnr_add_logfile('c:\oracle\oradata\oradb\redo01.log', dbms_logmnr.new); sql> execute dbms_logmnr.add_logfile('c:\oracle\oradata\oradb\redo02.log', dbms_logmnr.addfile); sql> execute dbms_logmnr.start_logmnr(dictfilename=>'c:\oracle\oradb\log\oradb.ora'); sql> select * from v$logmnr_contents(v$logmnr_dictionary,v$logmnr_parameters, v$logmnr_logs); sql> execute dbms_logmnr.end_logmnr;

2.       Managing tablespaces

create tablespaces	sql> create tablespace tablespace_name datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\file1.dbf' size 100m, 'c:\oracle\oradata\file2.dbf' size 100m minimum extent 550k [logging/nologging] default storage (initial 500k next 500k maxextents 500 pctinccease 0) [online/offline] [permanent/temporary] [extent_management_clause]
locally managed tablespace	sql> create tablespace user_data datafile c:\oracle\oradata\user_data01.dbf' size 500m extent management local uniform size 10m;
temporary tablespace	sql> create temporary tablespace temp tempfile c:\oracle\oradata\temp01.dbf' size 500m extent management local uniform size 10m;
change the storage setting	sql> alter tablespace app_data minimum extent 2m; sql> alter tablespace app_data default storage(initial 2m next 2m maxextents 999);
taking tablespace offline or online	sql> alter tablespace app_data offline; sql> alter tablespace app_data online;
read_only tablespace	sql> alter tablespace app_data read only|write;
droping tablespace	sql> drop tablespace app_data including contents;
enableing automatic extension of data files	sql> alter tablespace app_data add datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\app_data01.dbf'size 200m autoextend on next 10m maxsize 500m;
change the size fo data files manually	sql> alter database datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\app_data.dbf'resize 200m;
moving data files: alter tablespace	sql> alter tablespace app_data rename datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\app_data.dbf' to 'c:\oracle\app_data.dbf';
moving data files:alter database	sql> alter database rename file 'c:\oracle\oradata\app_data.dbf' to 'c:\oracle\app_data.dbf';

      

3.       Managing tables

create a table	sql> create table table_name (column datatype,column datatype]....) tablespace tablespace_name [pctfree integer] [pctused integer] [initrans integer] [maxtrans integer] storage(initial 200k next 200k pctincrease 0 maxextents 50) [logging|nologging] [cache|nocache]
copy an existing table	sql> create table table_name [logging|nologging] as subquery
create temporary table	sql> create global temporary table xay_temp as select * from xay;
change storage and block utilization parameter	sql> alter table table_name pctfree=30 pctused=50 storage(next 500k sql> minextents 2 maxextents 100);
manually allocating extents	sql> alter table table_name allocate extent(size 500k datafile 'c:/oracle/data.dbf');
move tablespace	sql> alter table employee move tablespace users;
deallocate of unused space	sql> alter table table_name deallocate unused [keep integer]
truncate a table	sql> truncate table table_name;
drop a table	sql> drop table table_name [cascade constraints];
drop a column	sql> alter table table_name drop column comments cascade constraints checkpoint 1000; sql> alter table table_name drop columns continue;
mark a column as unused	sql> alter table table_name set unused column comments cascade constraints; sql> alter table table_name drop unused columns checkpoint 1000; sql> alter table orders drop columns continue checkpoint 1000 data_dictionary: dba_unused_col_tabs

4.       Managing indexes

creating function-based indexes	sql> create index summit.item_quantity on summit.item (quantity-quantity_shipped);
create a B-tree index	sql> create [unique] index index_name on table_name(column,.. asc/desc) tablespace tablespace_name [pctfree integer] [initrans integer] [maxtrans integer] [logging | nologging] [nosort] storage(initial 200k next 200k pctincrease 0 maxextents 50);
creating reverse key indexes	sql> create unique index xay_id on xay(a) reverse pctfree 30 storage(initial 200k next 200k pctincrease 0 maxextents 50) tablespace indx;
change storage parameter of index	sql> alter index xay_id storage (next 400k maxextents 100);
allocating index space	sql> alter index xay_id allocate extent(size 200k datafile 'c:/oracle/index.dbf'); sql> alter index xay_id deallocate unused;

5.       Managing constraints

define constraints as immediate or deferred	sql> alter session set constraint[s] = immediate/deferred/default;     set constraint[s] constraint_name/all immediate/deferred; sql> drop table table_name cascade constraints sql> drop tablespace tablespace_name including contents cascade constraints
define constraints while create a table	sql> create table xay(id number(7) constraint xay_id primary key deferrable sql> using index storage(initial 100k next 100k) tablespace indx); primary key/unique/references table(column)/check
enable constraints	sql> alter table xay enable novalidate constraint xay_id;

6.        data loading

loading data using direct_load insert	sql> insert /*+append */ into emp nologging sql> select * from emp_old;
parallel direct-load insert	sql> alter session enable parallel dml; sql> insert /*+parallel(emp,2) */ into emp nologging sql> select * from emp_old;
using sql*loader	sql> sqlldr scott/tiger \      control = ulcase6.ctl \      log = ulcase6.log direct=true

7.       Reorganizing data

using expot	$exp scott/tiger tables(dept,emp) file=c:\emp.dmp log=exp.log compress=n direct=y
using import	$imp scott/tiger tables(dept,emp) file=emp.dmp log=imp.log ignore=y
transporting a tablespace	sql>alter tablespace sales_ts read only; $exp sys/.. file=xay.dmp transport_tablespace=y tablespace=sales_ts      triggers=n constraints=n $copy datafile $imp sys/.. file=xay.dmp transport_tablespace=y      datafiles=(/disk1/sles01.dbf,/disk2/sles02.dbf) sql> alter tablespace sales_ts read write;
checking transport set	sql> DBMS_tts.transport_set_check(ts_list=>'sales_ts' .., incl_constraints=>true);

8.       managing password security and resources

controlling account lock and password	sql> alter user juncky identified by oracle account unlock;
user_provided password function	sql> function_name(userid in varchar2(30),password in varchar2(30), old_password in varchar2(30)) return Boolean
create a profile : password setting	sql> create profile grace_5 limit failed_login_attempts 3 password_lock_time unlimited password_life_time 30 password_reuse_time 30 password_verify_function verify_function password_grace_time 5;
altering a profile	sql> alter profile default failed_login_attempts 3 sql> password_life_time 60 password_grace_time 10;
drop a profile	sql> drop profile grace_5 [cascade];
create a profile : resource limit	sql> create profile developer_prof limit sessions_per_user 2 sql> cpu_per_session 10000 idle_time 60 connect_time 480;
enable resource limits	sql> alter system set resource_limit=true;

9.       Managing users

create a user: database authentication	sql> create user juncky identified by oracle default tablespace users sql> temporary tablespace temp quota 10m on data password expire sql> [account lock|unlock] [profile profilename|default];
change user quota on tablespace	sql> alter user juncky quota 0 on users;
drop a user	sql> drop user juncky [cascade];
monitor user	view: dba_users, dba_ts_quotas

10.    managing privileges

system privileges	View: system_privilege_map, dba_sys_privs, session_privs
grant system privilege	sql> grant create session,create table to managers; sql> grant create session to scott with admin option;     with admin option can grant or revoke privilege from any user or role;
sysdba and sysoper privileges	·          sysoper: startup, shutdown, alter database open/mount, alter database backup controlfile, alter tablespace begin/end backup, recover database, alter database archivelog, restricted session ·          sysdba: sysoper privileges with admin option, create database, recover database until
password file members	view: v$pwfile_users
O7_dictionary_accessibility =true restriction access to view or tables in other schema
revoke system privilege	sql> revoke create table from karen; sql> revoke create session from scott;
grant object privilege	sql> grant execute on dbms_pipe to public; sql> grant update(first_name, salary) on employee to karen with grant option;
display object privilege	dba_tab_privs, dba_col_privs
revoke object privilege	sql> revoke execute on dbms_pipe from scott [cascade constraints];
audit record view	sys.aud$
protecting the audit trail	sql> audit delete on sys.aud$ by access;
statement auditing	sql> audit user;
privilege auditing	sql> audit select any table by summit by access;
schema object auditing	sql> audit lock on summit.employee by access whenever successful;
view audit option	all_def_audit_opts, dba_stmt_audit_opts, dba_priv_audit_opts, dba_obj_audit_opts
view audit result	View: dba_audit_trail, dba_audit_exists, dba_audit_object, dba_audit_session, dba_audit_statement

11.    manager role

create roles	sql> create role sales_clerk; sql> create role hr_clerk identified by bonus; sql> create role hr_manager identified externally;
modify role	sql> alter role sales_clerk identified by commission; sql> alter role hr_clerk identified externally; sql> alter role hr_manager not identified;
assigning roles	sql> grant sales_clerk to scott; sql> grant hr_clerk to hr_manager; sql> grant hr_manager to scott with admin option;
establish default role	sql> alter user scott default role hr_clerk,sales_clerk; sql> alter user scott default role all; sql> alter user scott default role all except hr_clerk; sql> alter user scott default role none;
enable and disable roles	sql> set role hr_clerk; sql> set role sales_clerk identified by commission; sql> set role all except sales_clerk; sql> set role none;
remove role from user	sql> revoke sales_clerk from scott; sql> revoke hr_manager from public;
remove role	sql> drop role hr_manager;
display role information	view: dba_roles, dba_role_privs, role_role_privs, dba_sys_privs, role_sys_privs, role_tab_privs, session_roles

12.    backup and recovery

	v$sga, v$instance, v$process, v$bgprocess, v$database, v$datafile, v$sgastat
	Rman need set dbwr_IO_slaves or backup_tape_IO_slaves and large_pool_size
Monitoring Parallel Rollback	v$fast_start_servers, v$fast_start_transactions
perform a closed database backup (noarchivelog)	> shutdown immediate     > cp files /backup/     > startup
restore to a different location	> connect system/manager as sysdba > startup mount > alter database rename file '/disk1/../user.dbf'to '/disk2/../user.dbf'; > alter database open;
recover syntax	--recover a mounted database     >recover database;     >recover datafile '/disk1/data/df2.dbf';     >alter database recover database; --recover an opened database     >recover tablespace user_data;     >recover datafile 2;     >alter database recover datafile 2;
how to apply redo log files automatically	>set autorecovery on     >recover automatic datafile 4;
complete recovery:	--method 1(mounted databae)     >copy c:\backup\user.dbf c:\oradata\user.dbf     >startup mount     >recover datafile 'c:\oradata\user.dbf;     >alter database open; --method 2(opened database,initially opened,not system or rollback datafile)     >copy c:\backup\user.dbf c:\oradata\user.dbf (alter tablespace offline)     >recover datafile 'c:\oradata\user.dbf' or     >recover tablespace user_data;     >alter database datafile 'c:\oradata\user.dbf' online or     >alter tablespace user_data online; --method 3(opened database,initially closed not system or rollback datafile)     >startup mount     >alter database datafile 'c:\oradata\user.dbf' offline;     >alter database open     >copy c:\backup\user.dbf d:\oradata\user.dbf     >alter database rename file 'c:\oradata\user.dbf'to 'd:\oradata\user.dbf'     >recover datafile 'e:\oradata\user.dbf' or recover tablespace user_data;     >alter tablespace user_data online; --method 4(loss of data file with no backup and have all archive log)     >alter tablespace user_data offline immediate;     >alter database create datafile 'd:\oradata\user.dbf'as 'c:\oradata\user.dbf''     >recover tablespace user_data;     >alter tablespace user_data online
perform an open database backup	> alter tablespace user_data begin backup;     > copy files /backup/     > alter database datafile '/c:/../data.dbf' end backup;     > alter system switch logfile;
backup a control file	> alter database backup controlfile to 'control1.bkp';     > alter database backup controlfile to trace;
recovery (noarchivelog mode)	> shutdown abort     > cp files     > startup
recovery of file in backup mode	>alter database datafile 2 end backup;
clearing redo log file	>alter database clear unarchived logfile group 1;     >alter database clear unarchived logfile group 1 unrecoverable datafile;
redo log recovery	>alter database add logfile group 3 'c:\oradata\redo03.log'size 1000k;     >alter database drop logfile group 1;     >alter database open;     or >cp c:\oradata\redo02.log' c:\oradata\redo01.log     >alter database clear logfile 'c:\oradata\log01.log';

Last updated: 2009-Oct-19, Monday