Monday, October 19, 2009

Common Oracle Commands


1.       Managing logs
forcing log switches
sql> alter system switch logfile;
forcing checkpoints
sql> alter system checkpoint;
adding online redo log groups
sql> alter database add logfile [group 4] ('/disk3/log4a.rdo','/disk4/log4b.rdo') size 1m;
adding online redo log members
sql> alter database add logfile member
     '/disk3/log1b.rdo' to group 1,
     '/disk4/log2b.rdo' to group 2;
changes the name of the online redo logfile
sql> alter database rename file 'c:/oracle/oradata/oradb/redo01.log' to
'c:/oracle/oradata/redo01.log';  
drop online redo log groups
sql> alter database drop logfile group 3;
drop online redo log members
sql> alter database drop logfile member 'c:/oracle/oradata/redo01.log';
clearing online redo log files
sql> alter database clear [unarchived] logfile 'c:/oracle/log2a.rdo';
using logminer analyzing redo logfiles
in the init.ora specify utl_file_dir = ' '
sql> execute dbms_logmnr_d.build('oradb.ora','c:\oracle\oradb\log');
sql> execute dbms_logmnr_add_logfile('c:\oracle\oradata\oradb\redo01.log', dbms_logmnr.new);
sql> execute dbms_logmnr.add_logfile('c:\oracle\oradata\oradb\redo02.log', dbms_logmnr.addfile);
sql> execute dbms_logmnr.start_logmnr(dictfilename=>'c:\oracle\oradb\log\oradb.ora');
sql> select * from v$logmnr_contents(v$logmnr_dictionary,v$logmnr_parameters, v$logmnr_logs);
sql> execute dbms_logmnr.end_logmnr;

2.       Managing tablespaces
create tablespaces
sql> create tablespace tablespace_name datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\file1.dbf' size 100m, 'c:\oracle\oradata\file2.dbf' size 100m minimum extent 550k [logging/nologging] default storage (initial 500k next 500k maxextents 500 pctinccease 0) [online/offline] [permanent/temporary] [extent_management_clause]
locally managed tablespace
sql> create tablespace user_data datafile c:\oracle\oradata\user_data01.dbf' size 500m extent management local uniform size 10m;
temporary tablespace
sql> create temporary tablespace temp tempfile c:\oracle\oradata\temp01.dbf' size 500m extent management local uniform size 10m;
change the storage setting
sql> alter tablespace app_data minimum extent 2m;
sql> alter tablespace app_data default storage(initial 2m next 2m maxextents 999);
taking tablespace offline or online
sql> alter tablespace app_data offline;
sql> alter tablespace app_data online;
read_only tablespace
sql> alter tablespace app_data read only|write;
droping tablespace
sql> drop tablespace app_data including contents;
enableing automatic extension of data files
sql> alter tablespace app_data add datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\app_data01.dbf'size 200m autoextend on next 10m maxsize 500m;
change the size fo data files manually
sql> alter database datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\app_data.dbf'resize 200m;
moving data files: alter tablespace
sql> alter tablespace app_data rename datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\app_data.dbf' to 'c:\oracle\app_data.dbf';
moving data files:alter database
sql> alter database rename file 'c:\oracle\oradata\app_data.dbf' to 'c:\oracle\app_data.dbf';
      
3.       Managing tables
create a table

sql> create table table_name (column datatype,column datatype]....) tablespace tablespace_name [pctfree integer] [pctused integer] [initrans integer] [maxtrans integer] storage(initial 200k next 200k pctincrease 0 maxextents 50) [logging|nologging] [cache|nocache]
copy an existing table
sql> create table table_name [logging|nologging] as subquery
create temporary table
sql> create global temporary table xay_temp as select * from xay;
change storage and block utilization parameter
sql> alter table table_name pctfree=30 pctused=50 storage(next 500k
sql> minextents 2 maxextents 100);
manually allocating extents
sql> alter table table_name allocate extent(size 500k datafile 'c:/oracle/data.dbf');
move tablespace
sql> alter table employee move tablespace users;
deallocate of unused space
sql> alter table table_name deallocate unused [keep integer]
truncate a table
sql> truncate table table_name;
drop a table
sql> drop table table_name [cascade constraints];
drop a column
sql> alter table table_name drop column comments cascade constraints checkpoint 1000;
sql> alter table table_name drop columns continue;

mark a column as unused
sql> alter table table_name set unused column comments cascade constraints;
sql> alter table table_name drop unused columns checkpoint 1000;
sql> alter table orders drop columns continue checkpoint 1000
data_dictionary: dba_unused_col_tabs

4.       Managing indexes
creating function-based indexes
sql> create index summit.item_quantity on summit.item (quantity-quantity_shipped);
create a B-tree index
sql> create [unique] index index_name on table_name(column,.. asc/desc) tablespace tablespace_name [pctfree integer] [initrans integer] [maxtrans integer] [logging | nologging] [nosort] storage(initial 200k next 200k pctincrease 0 maxextents 50);
creating reverse key indexes
sql> create unique index xay_id on xay(a) reverse pctfree 30 storage(initial 200k next 200k pctincrease 0 maxextents 50) tablespace indx;
change storage parameter of index
sql> alter index xay_id storage (next 400k maxextents 100);
allocating index space
sql> alter index xay_id allocate extent(size 200k datafile 'c:/oracle/index.dbf');
sql> alter index xay_id deallocate unused;

5.       Managing constraints
define constraints as immediate or deferred
sql> alter session set constraint[s] = immediate/deferred/default;
    set constraint[s] constraint_name/all immediate/deferred;
sql> drop table table_name cascade constraints
sql> drop tablespace tablespace_name including contents cascade constraints
define constraints while create a table
sql> create table xay(id number(7) constraint xay_id primary key deferrable
sql> using index storage(initial 100k next 100k) tablespace indx);
primary key/unique/references table(column)/check
enable constraints
sql> alter table xay enable novalidate constraint xay_id;

6.        data loading
loading data using direct_load insert
sql> insert /*+append */ into emp nologging
sql> select * from emp_old;
parallel direct-load insert
sql> alter session enable parallel dml;
sql> insert /*+parallel(emp,2) */ into emp nologging
sql> select * from emp_old;
using sql*loader
sql> sqlldr scott/tiger \
     control = ulcase6.ctl \
     log = ulcase6.log direct=true

7.       Reorganizing data
using expot
$exp scott/tiger tables(dept,emp) file=c:\emp.dmp log=exp.log compress=n direct=y
using import
$imp scott/tiger tables(dept,emp) file=emp.dmp log=imp.log ignore=y
transporting a tablespace
sql>alter tablespace sales_ts read only;
$exp sys/.. file=xay.dmp transport_tablespace=y tablespace=sales_ts
     triggers=n constraints=n
$copy datafile
$imp sys/.. file=xay.dmp transport_tablespace=y
     datafiles=(/disk1/sles01.dbf,/disk2/sles02.dbf)
sql> alter tablespace sales_ts read write;
checking transport set
sql> DBMS_tts.transport_set_check(ts_list=>'sales_ts' .., incl_constraints=>true);

8.       managing password security and resources
controlling account lock and password
sql> alter user juncky identified by oracle account unlock;
user_provided password function
sql> function_name(userid in varchar2(30),password in varchar2(30), old_password in varchar2(30)) return Boolean
create a profile : password setting
sql> create profile grace_5 limit failed_login_attempts 3
password_lock_time unlimited password_life_time 30
password_reuse_time 30 password_verify_function verify_function
password_grace_time 5;
altering a profile

sql> alter profile default failed_login_attempts 3
sql> password_life_time 60 password_grace_time 10;
drop a profile
sql> drop profile grace_5 [cascade];
create a profile : resource limit
sql> create profile developer_prof limit sessions_per_user 2
sql> cpu_per_session 10000 idle_time 60 connect_time 480;
enable resource limits
sql> alter system set resource_limit=true;

9.       Managing users
create a user: database authentication
sql> create user juncky identified by oracle default tablespace users
sql> temporary tablespace temp quota 10m on data password expire
sql> [account lock|unlock] [profile profilename|default];

change user quota on tablespace
sql> alter user juncky quota 0 on users;

drop a user
sql> drop user juncky [cascade];

monitor user



10.    managing privileges
system privileges
View: system_privilege_map, dba_sys_privs, session_privs
grant system privilege
sql> grant create session,create table to managers;
sql> grant create session to scott with admin option;
    with admin option can grant or revoke privilege from any user or role;
sysdba and sysoper privileges
·          sysoper: startup, shutdown, alter database open/mount, alter database backup controlfile, alter tablespace begin/end backup, recover database, alter database archivelog, restricted session
·          sysdba: sysoper privileges with admin option, create database, recover database until
password file members
O7_dictionary_accessibility =true restriction access to view or tables in other schema

revoke system privilege
sql> revoke create table from karen;
sql> revoke create session from scott;
grant object privilege
sql> grant execute on dbms_pipe to public;
sql> grant update(first_name, salary) on employee to karen with grant option;
display object privilege
revoke object privilege
sql> revoke execute on dbms_pipe from scott [cascade constraints];
audit record view
sys.aud$
protecting the audit trail
sql> audit delete on sys.aud$ by access;
statement auditing
sql> audit user;
privilege auditing
sql> audit select any table by summit by access;
schema object auditing
sql> audit lock on summit.employee by access whenever successful;
view audit option

view audit result

11.    manager role
create roles
sql> create role sales_clerk;
sql> create role hr_clerk identified by bonus;
sql> create role hr_manager identified externally;
modify role
sql> alter role sales_clerk identified by commission;
sql> alter role hr_clerk identified externally;
sql> alter role hr_manager not identified;
assigning roles
sql> grant sales_clerk to scott;
sql> grant hr_clerk to hr_manager;
sql> grant hr_manager to scott with admin option;
establish default role

sql> alter user scott default role hr_clerk,sales_clerk;
sql> alter user scott default role all;
sql> alter user scott default role all except hr_clerk;
sql> alter user scott default role none;
enable and disable roles
sql> set role hr_clerk;
sql> set role sales_clerk identified by commission;
sql> set role all except sales_clerk;
sql> set role none;
remove role from user
sql> revoke sales_clerk from scott;
sql> revoke hr_manager from public;
remove role
sql> drop role hr_manager;
display role information
view: dba_roles, dba_role_privs, role_role_privs, dba_sys_privs,
role_sys_privs, role_tab_privs, session_roles


12.    backup and recovery

v$sga, v$instance, v$process, v$bgprocess, v$database, v$datafile, v$sgastat

Rman need set dbwr_IO_slaves or backup_tape_IO_slaves and large_pool_size
Monitoring Parallel Rollback
v$fast_start_servers, v$fast_start_transactions
perform a closed database backup (noarchivelog)
> shutdown immediate
    > cp files /backup/
    > startup
restore to a different location
> connect system/manager as sysdba
> startup mount
> alter database rename file '/disk1/../user.dbf'to '/disk2/../user.dbf';
> alter database open;

recover syntax
--recover a mounted database
    >recover database;
    >recover datafile '/disk1/data/df2.dbf';
    >alter database recover database;
--recover an opened database
    >recover tablespace user_data;
    >recover datafile 2;
    >alter database recover datafile 2;
how to apply redo log files automatically
    >set autorecovery on
    >recover automatic datafile 4;
complete recovery:
--method 1(mounted databae)
    >copy c:\backup\user.dbf c:\oradata\user.dbf
    >startup mount
    >recover datafile 'c:\oradata\user.dbf;
    >alter database open;
--method 2(opened database,initially opened,not system or rollback datafile)
    >copy c:\backup\user.dbf c:\oradata\user.dbf (alter tablespace offline)
    >recover datafile 'c:\oradata\user.dbf' or
    >recover tablespace user_data;
    >alter database datafile 'c:\oradata\user.dbf' online or
    >alter tablespace user_data online;
--method 3(opened database,initially closed not system or rollback datafile)
    >startup mount
    >alter database datafile 'c:\oradata\user.dbf' offline;
    >alter database open
    >copy c:\backup\user.dbf d:\oradata\user.dbf
    >alter database rename file 'c:\oradata\user.dbf'to 'd:\oradata\user.dbf'
    >recover datafile 'e:\oradata\user.dbf' or recover tablespace user_data;
    >alter tablespace user_data online;
--method 4(loss of data file with no backup and have all archive log)
    >alter tablespace user_data offline immediate;
    >alter database create datafile 'd:\oradata\user.dbf'as 'c:\oradata\user.dbf''
    >recover tablespace user_data;
    >alter tablespace user_data online
perform an open database backup
    > alter tablespace user_data begin backup;
    > copy files /backup/
    > alter database datafile '/c:/../data.dbf' end backup;
    > alter system switch logfile;
backup a control file
    > alter database backup controlfile to 'control1.bkp';
    > alter database backup controlfile to trace;
recovery (noarchivelog mode)
    > shutdown abort
    > cp files
    > startup
recovery of file in backup mode
>alter database datafile 2 end backup;
clearing redo log file
    >alter database clear unarchived logfile group 1;
    >alter database clear unarchived logfile group 1 unrecoverable datafile;
redo log recovery
    >alter database add logfile group 3 'c:\oradata\redo03.log'size 1000k;
    >alter database drop logfile group 1;
    >alter database open;
    or >cp c:\oradata\redo02.log' c:\oradata\redo01.log
    >alter database clear logfile 'c:\oradata\log01.log';

Last updated: 2009-Oct-19, Monday

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